Abstract: Diabetes for a common chronic metabolic disorders, In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), its pathogenesis is attributed to disharmony of qi and yin, yin deficiency and dryness-heat, which further develops into chronic disease affecting the collaterals, leading to collateral obstruction, and thus falls under the category of “Xiao Ke”. The concept of “harmonization” in The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic views the human body as a unified whole, emphasizing the differentiation and treatment of diseases based on the malnutrition of qi, blood, and body fluids, as well as the imbalance between yin and yang in the organs. This concept provides fundamental guidance for the diagnosis, treatment, and health maintenance of patients. Professor Tong Xiaolin, building upon The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic, innovated a theoretical system for diabetes, constructing a “state-target differentiation and treatment” system. He proposed the basic pathogenesis of diabetes as “depression, heat, deficiency and damage”, treating it by tonifying qi, activating blood circulation, and unblocking the meridians, with blood sugar control as the foundation and close monitoring of vascular complications as the focus. This article, starting from the concept of “harmonization” in The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic, elucidates the relationship between the clinical treatment of diabetes and state-target differentiation and treatment, aiming to provide a reference for modern TCM treatment of diabetes.